Lead-Free Piezoelectric Transducers

Research activities on lead-free piezoelectric materials have been ongoing for over 20 years. Generally, the applicability of the main material families is less universal than that of lead-based compositions such as lead zirconate titanate, but in some cases, the corresponding applications have already been identified. Due to the extensive research, it is now possible to manufacture demonstrators and prototypes for different applications and the authors propose in this article to take stock of these advances. For this, we have chosen to first recall briefly the main new material systems using a simplistic “soft” and “hard” classification for approaching the various resonant transducer applications. Medical imaging applications that represent one of the most important fields are presented in a second step together with other low-power transducers. Then, a variety of applications are merged under the heading of high-power transducers. In addition, we mention two points that are important to consider when manufacturing at a larger scale. For the design of transducers, complete datasets must be available, especially if modeling tools are used. Finally, the commercialization of these lead-free materials imposes essential secondary requirements in terms of availability, reproducibility, sample size, and so on.

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Work Title Lead-Free Piezoelectric Transducers
Access
Open Access
Creators
  1. Erling Ringgaard
  2. Franck Levassort
  3. Ke Wang
  4. Jeffrey J Vaitekunas
  5. Hajime Nagata
License In Copyright (Rights Reserved)
Work Type Article
Publisher
  1. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
Publication Date January 1, 2024
Publisher Identifier (DOI)
  1. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2023.3340950
Deposited November 16, 2024

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  • Added Lead-free_pz_transducers_perspective_paper_comb-1.pdf
  • Added Creator Erling Ringgaard
  • Added Creator Franck Levassort
  • Added Creator Ke Wang
  • Added Creator Jeffrey J Vaitekunas
  • Added Creator Hajime Nagata
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