A deep learning model for natural language querying in Cyber–Physical Systems

As a result of technological advancements, the number of IoT devices and services is rapidly increasing. Due to the increasing complexity of IoT devices and the various ways they can operate and communicate, finding a specific device can be challenging because of the complex tasks they can perform. To help find devices in a timely and efficient manner, in environments where the user may not know what devices are available or how to access them, we propose a recommender system using deep learning for matching user queries in the form of a natural language sentence with Web of Things (WoT) devices or services. The Transformer, a recent attention-based algorithm that gets superior results for natural language problems, is used for the deep learning model. Our study shows that the Transformer can be a recommendation tool for finding relevant WoT devices in Cyber–Physical Systems (CPSs). With hashing as an encoding technique, the proposed model returns the relevant devices with a high grade of confidence. After experimentation, the proposed model is validated by comparing it with our current search system, and the results are discussed. The work can potentially impact real-world application scenarios when many different devices are involved.

© This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Work Title A deep learning model for natural language querying in Cyber–Physical Systems
Access
Open Access
Creators
  1. Juan Alberto Llopis
  2. Antonio Jesús Fernández-García
  3. Javier Criado
  4. Luis Iribarne
  5. Rosa Ayala
  6. James Z. Wang
Keyword
  1. Deep learning
  2. Recommender system
  3. Transformer
  4. Web of Things
  5. Natural language
License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives)
Work Type Article
Publisher
  1. Internet of Things
Publication Date September 15, 2023
Publisher Identifier (DOI)
  1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2023.100922
Deposited March 04, 2024

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Version 1
published

  • Created
  • Added llopis.pdf
  • Added Creator Juan Alberto Llopis
  • Added Creator Antonio Jesús Fernández-García
  • Added Creator Javier Criado
  • Added Creator Luis Iribarne
  • Added Creator Rosa Ayala
  • Added Creator James Z. Wang
  • Published
  • Updated Keyword, Publisher, Publication Date Show Changes
    Keyword
    • Deep learning, Recommender system, Transformer, Web of Things, Natural language
    Publisher
    • Internet of Things (Netherlands)
    • Internet of Things
    Publication Date
    • 2023-12-01
    • 2023-09-15
  • Updated