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Effect of Hemp Extraction Procedures on Cannabinoid and Terpenoid Composition

A variety of techniques have been developed to extract hemp phytochemicals for research and consumption. Some of the most common processes in the industry include supercritical CO2 extraction, hydrodistillation, and solvent-based (ethanol) extractions. Each of these processes has the potential to differentially extract various phytochemicals, which would impact their efficacy, tolerability, and safety. However, despite these differences, there has been no direct comparison of the methods and the resulting phytochemical composition. This work aimed to compare cannabinoid and terpene profiles using the three primary commercial procedures, using hemp inflorescence from a CBD/CBG dominant Cannabis sativa L. cultivar. Extracts were then evaluated for their terpene and cannabinoid content using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Hydrodistilled extracts contained the most variety and abundance of terpenes with β-caryophyllene to be the most concentrated terpene (25–42 mg/g). Supercritical CO2 extracts displayed a minimal variety of terpenes, but the most variety and abundance of cannabinoids with CBD ranging from 12.8–20.6 mg/g. Ethanol extracts contained the most acidic cannabinoids with 3.2–4.1 mg/g of CBDA along with minor terpene levels. The resulting extracts demonstrated substantially different chemical profiles and highlight how the process used to extract hemp can play a large role in product composition and potential biological effects.

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Work Title Effect of Hemp Extraction Procedures on Cannabinoid and Terpenoid Composition
Access
Open Access
Creators
  1. Francisco T. Chacon
  2. Wesley M. Raup-Konsavage
  3. Kent E. Vrana
  4. Joshua J. Kellogg
Keyword
  1. Extraction
  2. Cannabinoids
  3. Cannabis
  4. Terpenes
  5. Supercritical
  6. Hydrodistillation
  7. Ethanol extraction
License CC BY 4.0 (Attribution)
Work Type Article
Publisher
  1. Plants
Publication Date August 10, 2024
Publisher Identifier (DOI)
  1. 10.3390/plants13162222
Related URLs
  1. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162222
  2. https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/plants13162222/s1
  3. https://doi.org/10.25345/C5DZ03C6Z
Deposited February 10, 2025

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Work History

Version 1
published

  • Created

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Updated

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by [unknown user]

  • Added Creator Francisco T. Chacon

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Added Creator Wesley Raup-Konsavage

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Added Creator Kent Vrana

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Added Creator Joshua Kellogg

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Updated Keyword, Publisher, Publisher Identifier (DOI), and 3 more Show Changes

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

    Keyword
    • Terpenoid, Cannabinoid, Cannabis Sativa, Phase Composition, Isolation Method, Extraction Methods, Cannabinoids, Hemp, Terpenes, Monoterpene, Carbon Dioxide, Phytochemical, Phytochemicals, Caryophyllene, Tolerability, Terpene, Cannabis, Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (Lc Ms/Ms), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, Solvent Extraction, Product Composition, Ethanol Extract, Chemical Profile, Biological Effects, Common Processes, Co2 Solvent, Supercritical Co2 Extraction, Phytochemical Composition, Hydrodistillation, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Gcms)
    Publisher
    • Plants
    Publisher Identifier (DOI)
    • 10.3390/plants13162222
    Related URLs
    • https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162222
    Description
    • <p>A variety of techniques have been developed to extract hemp phytochemicals for research and consumption. Some of the most common processes in the industry include supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction, hydrodistillation, and solvent-based (ethanol) extractions. Each of these processes has the potential to differentially extract various phytochemicals, which would impact their efficacy, tolerability, and safety. However, despite these differences, there has been no direct comparison of the methods and the resulting phytochemical composition. This work aimed to compare cannabinoid and terpene profiles using the three primary commercial procedures, using hemp inflorescence from a CBD/CBG dominant Cannabis sativa L. cultivar. Extracts were then evaluated for their terpene and cannabinoid content using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Hydrodistilled extracts contained the most variety and abundance of terpenes with β-caryophyllene to be the most concentrated terpene (25–42 mg/g). Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extracts displayed a minimal variety of terpenes, but the most variety and abundance of cannabinoids with CBD ranging from 12.8–20.6 mg/g. Ethanol extracts contained the most acidic cannabinoids with 3.2–4.1 mg/g of CBDA along with minor terpene levels. The resulting extracts demonstrated substantially different chemical profiles and highlight how the process used to extract hemp can play a large role in product composition and potential biological effects.</p>
    Publication Date
    • 2024-08-01
  • Updated

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Updated

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Updated Creator Francisco T. Chacon

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Updated Creator Wesley Raup-Konsavage

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Updated Creator Kent Vrana

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Updated Creator Joshua Kellogg

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Added Chacon et al_2024_Effect of Hemp Extraction Procedures on Cannabinoid and Terpenoid Composition.pdf

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Added Supporting_Information_GC_Feature_List_Summary.csv

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Added Supporting_Information.pdf

    February 10, 2025 10:35 by jjk6146

  • Updated License Show Changes

    February 10, 2025 10:36 by jjk6146

    License
    • https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
  • Published

    February 10, 2025 10:36 by jjk6146

  • Updated

    February 10, 2025 21:04 by [unknown user]

  • Updated Keyword, Related URLs, Publication Date Show Changes

    April 04, 2025 13:44 by avs5190

    Keyword
    • Terpenoid, Cannabinoid, Cannabis Sativa, Phase Composition, Isolation Method, Extraction Methods, Cannabinoids, Hemp, Terpenes, Monoterpene, Carbon Dioxide, Phytochemical, Phytochemicals, Caryophyllene, Tolerability, Terpene, Cannabis, Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (Lc Ms/Ms), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, Solvent Extraction, Product Composition, Ethanol Extract, Chemical Profile, Biological Effects, Common Processes, Co2 Solvent, Supercritical Co2 Extraction, Phytochemical Composition, Hydrodistillation, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Gcms)
    • Extraction, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Terpenes, Supercritical, Hydrodistillation, Ethanol extraction
    Related URLs
    • https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162222
    • https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162222, https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/plants13162222/s1, https://doi.org/10.25345/C5DZ03C6Z
    Publication Date
    • 2024-08-01
    • 2024-08-10
  • Renamed Creator Wesley M. Raup-Konsavage Show Changes

    April 04, 2025 13:44 by avs5190

    • Wesley Raup-Konsavage
    • Wesley M. Raup-Konsavage
  • Renamed Creator Kent E. Vrana Show Changes

    April 04, 2025 13:44 by avs5190

    • Kent Vrana
    • Kent E. Vrana
  • Renamed Creator Joshua J. Kellogg Show Changes

    April 04, 2025 13:44 by avs5190

    • Joshua Kellogg
    • Joshua J. Kellogg
  • Deleted Supporting_Information.pdf

    April 11, 2025 10:22 by avs5190